A 45- year- old male from an urban community, laborer, heavy alcohol consumer, exclusively on rice diet presented to outpatient department in primary health care centre with chronic diarrhea for three months. He was treated multiple times with antibiotics with no improvement. There was no family history of similar illness. He had normal vital signs and mental state. On general examination, he had typical sharply marginated symmetrical scaly hyperpigmented plaques in sun exposed areas of his forearms and hands and necklace pattern of erythematous scaly plaque around the neck popularly known as Casal’s necklace as described in figure 1. The clinical background and dermatological pattern was sufficient enough to initiate treatment of pellagra with oral Niacin 300 mg daily and vitamin B complex. He had dramatic improvement in his episodes of diarrhea. He had gradual recovery in dermatitis.

Pellagra is a sporadic and often ignored clinical entity which is classically described as constellation of dermatitis, diarrhea, dementia and death [1]. Niacin deficiency is a clinical consideration in chronic alcoholics, malnourished individuals, malabsorptive disorders, exclusive maize diet and patients on hemodialysis [2,3]. Being a fatal but treatable nutritional disorder, the high index of suspicion can identify the disease early in community. Only 15-20 mg of niacin in diet daily is sufficient to prevent pellagra in all age groups. The daily recommended dose for treatment of pellagra is 300 mg of nicotinamide in divided doses. Besides traditional concept of pellagra in maize eating population, pellagra can be seen in exclusively rice eating population as seen in Bhutanese refugees from Nepal in 1994. Fortified blended diet with niacin almost eradicate the disease [3].

Acknowledgements: We would like to thank everyone involved during treatment.

Conflict of interest: No conflict of interest.

Funding: The work has no funding source.

Ethical approval: The consent from the patient deemed to be enough.

Consent: Written informed consent taken from the patient.