Articles

   Dandy- Walker syndrome (DWS) is a rare posterior fossa abnormality disorder first described in 1987 by Sutton and finally declared as a Dandy Walker syndrome by Benda in 1954. It is mainly characterized by hypoplasia of the vermis, cysts that communicates with the fourth ventricle and it is usually diagnosed intrauterine [1, 2].

   A 55-year-old male smoker with no other comorbidities was referred to our hospital with signs and symptoms of acute left lower limb ischemia, which was not salvageable. He underwent an above-knee amputation [AKA] to avoid sepsis and relieve pain. He was discharged on a therapeutic dose of Rivaroxaban as he had a past history of unprovoked venous thromboembolism.

   At first, it might seem superfluous, what association can exist between lowering intraocular pressure and epithelial thickness? and if a relationship really exists, what is its importance and its therapeutic implication? The answer to this question is a yes. a relationship really does exist. The answer to the second question requires further reflection.

   It has been a little less than 100 years since the words birth control first appeared in print, but birth control, as a social practice, is as old as human history [1]. Since the beginning of civilization, women were expected to produce children from marriage to menopause, in a constant battle to birth more children than died in utero, in infancy, or of childhood disease.

    Within academic medicine, annual meetings of specialty societies serve as a forum for disseminating and discussing the most recent research conducted within a particular field of study. Several formats for data presentation exist, including Podium Presentations (PP), paper posters, and electronic posters. Within annual meetings, PP are reserved for the most up-to-date and highest-quality research to be delivered in an oral format to a large in-person audience, with the opportunity for audience questions and discussion.

   Scrub typhus, or tsutsugamushi fever, is a zoonotic disease, caused by Orientia (formerly Rickettsia) tsutsugamushi. It is first described in Japan in 1899; it is transmitted to humans by mite, an arthropod vector of the Trombiculidae family. Morbidity and mortality caused by rickettsioses have had a major influence on military activities and public health for over 2000 years [1].

    Malignant tumors of the appendix are extremely rare, Incidence in gastrointestinal tumors was less than 1%. The appendix epithelial malignant tumors can be divided into three categories, including mucous adenocarcinoma of appendix(MAA), intestinal type of adenocarcinoma and signet ring cell carcinoma, Mucous adenocarcinoma of appendix is the most common histological type of the three groups.

   Diffusion Tensor Imaging (DTI) advent has initiated a new era in the analysis of brain anatomy and connectivity as it added a powerful tool capable of reproducing white matter (WM) tract information, rather than classic imaging techniques, as conventional and / or functional MRI [1-3]. On the bases of DTI, tractography is able to reconstruct 3D trajectories of the tracts [4], and to study the anatomy of the white matter of the brain [5].

   The pathophysiologic result of COVID-19 infection is complex and ranges from mild to severe disease. A process that plays a major role is the “cytokine storm” phenomenon which is essentially a hyperactive immune response similar to bacte- rial induced severe sepsis [1, 2, 3]. Many treatments have targeted specific components of this pathway with variable success.

   Perioperative fluid therapy remains a debated topic [1]. Its purpose is to maintain or restore circulating blood volume [2]. To achieve central euvolemia, patients undergoing sur- gery within an enhanced recovery protocol should have an individualized fluid management plan [3].

   Type 1 diabetes (T1D) is a common endocrine metabolic dis- ease affecting children and adults across the world. It is a chronic immune-mediated disease that is characterized by in- sulin deficiency due to pancreatic β-cell destruction leading to hyperglycemia and is often associated with serious acute and chronic complications [1-2].

   Orthodontics is based on the concept of ideal occlusion, so it is essential to have a notion, as complete as possible, of normal or ideal occlusion so that it is possible to correctly di- agnose malocclusions. In normal occlusion defined by Angle, there is a molar relationship so that the mesiobuccal cusp of the maxillary first molar occludes in the buccal groove of the mandibular first molar and, in which the teeth are positioned in a slightly curved line of occlusion.

   Humerus fractures are common osteoporotic fractures in the elderly .The majority of the fractures are minimally displaced and respond acceptably to non operative management [1]. An assessment of the patient’s bone quality, social indepen- dence, and surgical risk factors is needed.

   An 89 year old female with diabetes mellitus, dyslipidemia, hy- pertension and ischemic heart disease admitted to orthopedic department following intra-capsular neck of femur fracture. While awaiting Austin Moore Hemiarthroplasty (AMH), she de- veloped lower abdominal pain, fever, features of acute cystitis, hematuria and pneumaturia.

   Dirofilariasisis an emerging helminthic zoonosis seldom re- ported. Human involvement is a clinical entity caused by infec- tion with nematode species of the genus Dirofilaria. This cos- mopolitan zoonos is usually affecting dogs and cats. Humans are accidental hosts and rarely affected.

   Toxocariasis is a helminthozoonosis with cosmopolitan distri- bution, due to the penetration and survival in humans of lar- vae of Toxocara sp. roundworms of the Ascarid family. Only two species, Toxocara canis and Toxocara catis, have been recognized as causative agents of human disease. The adults of both species are parasites of the digestive tract of their re- spective definitive hosts, the canids.

   Asherman’s syndrome is a syndrome that follows postpartum or postarbortal curettage, it might present with menstrual abnormalities such as oligomenorrhea, amenorrhea, hematometra, recurrent abortions, with the commonest presentation being infertility [1]. This pathology arises as a result of partial or complete adherence of the anterior and posterior wall of the uterus due to disruption of the basalis layer of the endometrium which can occur following postarbortal curettage, caesarian section.

   A 55-year-old male patient presented for severe COVID-19 in- fection. His chest X-ray showed elevation of the right hemidiaphragm. CT of the chest showed on the abdominal cuts a liver inverted in the antero-posterior plane: what was supposed to be the anterior surface is here lying against the posterior abdominal wall.

   Acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) is the most common cancer of childhood and an important cause of death from cancer during the first two decades of life [1]. Global incidence rates have been estimated to be between 1.08 to 2.12 per 100,000 person-years, the condition being four times more frequent in childhood than in adulthood [2].

   Leishmaniasis represents a serious issue in developing countries, the estimated number of cases reaches up to 0.9 to 1.3 million case every year. About ninety tropical and subtropical countries have leishmaniasis as a plague disease, with approximately 350 million people who are in the danger circle to get the disease.

   Airway management of patients during this pandemic of COVID times is a great challenging task. Pediatric patients are even more challenging due to less available guidance and protocols. Many routine pre–COVID-19 practices, such as mask induction of general anaesthesia in anxious, crying, and agitated children or carrying them into the operating room (OR), may be less desirable because of the risk of viral exposure to the OT staff.

   Fungi of genus Aspergillus are ubiquitous in the environment [1]. Inhalation of Aspergillus spores may lead to invasive in- fection known as aspergillosis, which is commonly seen in im- munocompromised population [1]. Cerebral aspergillosis is a grave condition with high mortality [1].

   A gastrointestinal fistula is an abnormal communication of part of the intestine with the skin (external fistula) or adjacent organs (internal). In the vast majority of cases (75 – 85%), they occur as a post-operative complication of surgery on gastroin- testinal tract; occasionally, they occur spontaneously, second- ary to inflammatory bowel disease, diverticulitis, pancreatitis, appendicitis, radiation, malignancy or trauma [1, 2].

   Kaposi’s sarcoma (KS) is a rare disease in the community. It was first described in 1872 as an idiopathic, multipigmented sarcoma of the skin [1]. It is a vascular or lymphatic-focused tumor type originating from the endothelium, caused by Hu- man Herpes Virus 8 (HHV8), called KS-associated herpes virus (KSHV) [2]. There are 4 clinical subtypes of the disease. These are: Classical KS, African endemic KS, iatrogenic KS, and AIDS- related (epidemic) KS.

   Gossypiboma (from the Latin Gossypium = cotton and Swahili boma = hiding place) also called Textiloma (from the Greek textile and ome = tumor) is defined as the inadvertent reten- tion of a textile foreign body after surgery. This is probably the oldest and most obvious mistake in surgery [1].

   Coronary Artery Disease (CAD) is one of the deadliest diseases in the world. It has been estimated that nearly one half of all middle-aged men and one third of middle-aged women in the United States have been affected with the CAD disease [46, 50]. In the developed countries CAD is one of the number one killers with over 7.4 million deaths attributed to [29, 48].

   Chemokines are a large family of chemotactic cytokines com- prised of more than 50 structurally related polypeptides that act on 22 heterotrimeric Gαi-protein-coupled receptors (GP- CRs) [1, 2]. Based on the presence of key cysteine residues, chemokines are classified into four subgroups (C, CC, CXC, and CX3C). They control B-cell development, growth, and survival, and modulate levels of subsets of T-cells.

   Immunotherapy treatments have become an integral part of cancer therapy. Though they are effective therapeutic agents, they can cause several side effects, including endocrine, gas- trointestinal, and dermatologic toxicity [1]. An uncommon side effect of these treatments is autoimmune thyroiditis, which can present in an atypical manner.

   Coronaviruses were first recorded in the 1960s. At the end of November 2019, an epidemic of acute respiratory infections rapidly spread in Wuhan, China. It was due to a new coronavi- rus, lastly named SARS-CoV-2 or COVID-19. SARS-CoV-2 is high- ly infective, with the ability to spread directly through human transmission by the airways, and the epidemic spread quickly worldwide.

   An 18 year old woman presented to the Emergency Depart- ment with an inversion injury to the right ankle following a fall walking downstairs at home. She was unable to weight bear. On examination, swelling and tenderness was present on the medial and lateral aspects of the ankle.

   Radical prostatectomy is recommended as a part of the mul- timodal treatment of high-risk or clinically advanced non- metastatic prostate cancer (PCa). In those cases, surgery could be challenging due to the possible cancerous invasion of peri- prostatic tissues that adversely affect the exposition and dis- section.

   Lipomatous tumors including a large variety of benign and malignant lesions are the most common soft tissue tumors, their prevalence increasing with age [1]. Sometimes, overlapping imaging features can be misleading in diagnosis [2]. Since the distinction between benign and malignant lipomatous tumor is challenging, especially when based on clinical and superficial work-up, the differential diagnosis of lipomatous tumors includes hibernoma.

   The crucial task of image processing is to the extraction of the required content of information from the input image without affecting other features. The medical apparatus always generates the de-noised image of the specific organs and the same is given as input to segmentation. The purpose of image segmentation is to identify the exact region of interest in medical images for further analysis.

   The scientific productivity of a institution or person in medical research is reflected by the number of published articles [1]. However, both medical science and publication options have changed dramatically over the last several years. Publishing medical data in the new open access journals (OAJs) and via the World Wide Web (WWW) has gained significant importance recently.

   Osteomyelitis often occurs secondary to the hematogenous spread of microorganisms into the blood-rich metaphysis of the developing bone. When left untreated, it leads to complications such as joint destruction and decreased range of motion [1]. Osteomyelitis (OM) of the hip is rare in newborns. Signs and symptoms are quite different compared to older children. This may cause difficulties/delays in diagnosis and permanent disability.

   The novel coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2), which causes acute respiratory distress syndrome, was first reported in December 2019 in Wuhan City, Hubei Province, China [1]. In Vietnam, the first case recorded on January 17, 2020, was a woman returning from Wuhan city, China [2]. As of November 4, 2021, Vietnam has experienced four waves of COVID-19, with the total number reaching 946,043 cases.

   Intra-cardiac sewing needles detected in adults and children may be due to accidental penetration e.g. while sleeping, selfinflicted as a result of mental and psychic disorders or domestic abuse [1, 2]. Due to the rarity of retained intra-cardiac sewing needles, no clear guidelines exist regarding the indication for their extraction.